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4.992-17.28V320h128v234.688l4.992 17.28 43.456 68.032h58.432l26.944 14.72zM320 896H192v128H128v-128H0v-64h128v-128h64v128h128z\" fill=\"#86d2e9\" data-spm-anchor-id=\"a313x.search_index.0.i31.7a773a81Yn5fO8\" class=\"\"><\/path><path d=\"M256 128l-32 32L192 128V0h64zM88.256 43.008l-45.248 45.248 90.496 90.496h44.8v-45.504zM0 192v64h128l32-32L128 192z m43.008 167.744l45.248 45.248 90.496-90.496v-44.8h-45.504zM192 448h64V320l-32-32L192 320z m167.744-43.008l45.248-45.248-90.496-90.496h-44.8v45.504zM448 256V192H320l-32 32 32 32z m-43.008-167.744L359.744 43.008 269.248 133.504v44.8h45.504z\" fill=\"#515151\" data-spm-anchor-id=\"a313x.search_index.0.i33.7a773a81Yn5fO8\" class=\"selected\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\u6587\u732e\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-18397328381\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-18397328381\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-39c08670 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"39c08670\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-754b0833 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"754b0833\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52726d6c elementor-drop-cap-yes elementor-drop-cap-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"52726d6c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;drop_cap&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>SS-31 (elamipretide) is a small-molecule peptide comprising four <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amino_acid\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>amino acids<\/strong><\/a>; specifically targeting <a href=\"https:\/\/www.genome.gov\/genetics-glossary\/Mitochondria\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>mitochondria<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p><p>Efficient penetration of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK9928\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>cell membranes<\/strong><\/a> is one of its key features, with a precise target of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology\/inner-mitochondrial-membrane\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>inner mitochondrial membrane<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p><p>Traditional antioxidants fail to adequately accumulate within the more confined <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/medicine-and-dentistry\/mitochondrial-matrix\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>mitochondrial matrix<\/strong><\/a>, scavenging excess <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/neuroscience\/reactive-oxygen-species\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>reactive oxygen species (ROS)<\/strong><\/a> as a major constraint.<\/p><p>The unique design of SS-31 allows for both neutralization of free radicals, and various <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/chemistry\/electrostatic-interaction\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>electrostatic interactions<\/strong><\/a>\/<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/engineering\/hydrophobic-interaction\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>hydrophobic interactions<\/strong><\/a>; specific anchoring to mitochondria itself being a direct result of this.<\/p><p>Mitochondrial medicine as a whole sees SS-31 as one of the more attainable near-future drugs.<\/p><p>Beyond the purely cytoprotective effects, potent reparative actions are also observed.<\/p><p>Breaking the previously intractable vicious cycle of oxidative stress is what sets SS-31 apart.<\/p><p>Improving myocardial <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0753332223010624\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>energy metabolism<\/strong><\/a>, smaller infarct sizes, overall cardiac function, and to some extent, neurodegenerative function, are all within reach.<\/p><p>Exercise tolerance and muscle strength are additional, yet important, endpoints that SS-31 is capable of influencing.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-18397328382\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-18397328382\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2092a49a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2092a49a\" data-element_type=\"container\" 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780.599805 118.571317 764.005871 62.057121 800.228057c-56.514196 36.127364-73.013307 111.226766-36.885944 167.740962 36.127364 56.514196 111.226766 73.013307 167.740962 36.885944 34.894672-22.283282 56.040084-60.87603 56.040084-102.408276v-6.258283l61.824255-16.783578z\" fill=\"#515151\" data-spm-anchor-id=\"a313x.search_index.0.i169.7b0e3a8118k0Gw\" class=\"selected\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span  >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u5206\u5b50\u91cf\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h5>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-icon-box-description\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t639.8 \u514b\/\u6469\u5c14\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-18397328383\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-18397328383\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-22c75175 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"22c75175\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3af740dd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3af740dd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b4cb3ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7b4cb3ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4>Research Of SS-31<\/h4><h5>1.Clinical Applications and Therapeutic Potential<\/h5><p>Early clinical trials have demonstrated significant cytoprotective effects &#8211; primary mitochondrial myopathies, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Barth_syndrome\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Barth syndrome<\/strong><\/a>, heart failure, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK441896\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>acute kidney injury<\/strong><\/a> and dry eye syndrome all representing promising areas of therapeutic application.<\/p><h5>2.Antioxidant Effects<\/h5><p>Conventional antioxidants are widely distributed but as stated above lack the specific penetration.<\/p><p>SS-31&#8217;s physicochemical properties enable that all important selective accumulation.<\/p><p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/engineering\/electron-donor\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>electron donor<\/strong><\/a> (dimethyltyrosine) directly interacts with and neutralizes the free radicals generated within the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Electron_transport_chain\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>electron transport chain<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p><p>Source level interruption of oxidative stress is the fundamental goal; protection of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mitochondrial_DNA\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>mitochondrial DNA<\/strong><\/a>, constant (optimal) maintenance of the microenvironment, and essentially, lifelong energy production, is the end result of all of the above.<\/p><p>Slowing or halting aging processes and a wide range of previously untreatable diseases, are the end goals of this line of research.<\/p><h5>3.Improving systemic energy status impaired by cancer and chemotherapy<\/h5><p>In skeletal muscle of cancer patients, mitochondrial dysfunction is the primary cause of reduced <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ATP_synthase\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>ATP synthesis<\/strong><\/a>; irreversible muscle atrophy and subsequent deformation follow as a direct result.<\/p><p>SS-31 effectively suppresses <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cachexia\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>cachexia<\/strong><\/a>, prevents a reduction in glycolytic muscle fiber area, blocks mitochondrial loss and various forms of abnormal <a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC2990190\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>autophagy<\/strong><\/a>\/mitosis.<\/p><p>Analysis of skeletal muscle, liver, and plasma metabolites indicates significant alterations in both energy and protein metabolism within the tumor host.<\/p><h5>4.Improving mitochondrial dysfunction and associated memory impairment<\/h5><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/medicine-and-dentistry\/endotoxin\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>\u5185\u6bd2\u7d20<\/strong><\/a>-treated mice exhibit all aspects of this mitochondrial dysfunction &#8211; oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/8526456\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>neuronal apoptosis<\/strong><\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0306452202000210\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>hippocampal dendritic spine<\/strong><\/a> loss &#8211; learning and simple memory capabilities as the outcome.<\/p><p>Experiments show SS-31&#8217;s protective effects against the earlier mentioned factors; modulation of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brain-derived_neurotrophic_factor\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, or abrineurin BDNF<\/strong><\/a> signaling as a key pathway.<\/p><p>Reversal of some synaptic signaling protein alterations and increased (physiological) structural complexity of synapses is observed.<\/p><p>Therapeutic potential for oxidative stress\/<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Neuroinflammation\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>neuroinflammation<\/strong><\/a> type damage is evident.<\/p><h5>5.Inhibiting mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening to prevent apoptosis<\/h5><p>SS-31 indirectly maintains inner mitochondrial membrane integrity, through both antioxidant and stable ATP synthesis effects.<\/p><p>Direct action on\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adenine_nucleotide_translocator\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT)<\/strong><\/a> pushes up the threshold for <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mitochondrial_permeability_transition_pore\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>mitochondrial permeability transition pore \/mPTP<\/strong><\/a> opening.<\/p><p>Abnormal premature activation of this process is successfully inhibited; acute conditions (myocardial infarction, stroke as representative cases) can be at least partially treated by this line of inhibition.<\/p><h5>6.Inhibition of an Inflammatory Response<\/h5><p>All the above are interlinked.<\/p><p>Mitochondrial function is improved, damage is reduced, and all downstream effects of chronic or acute inflammation are at least partially mitigated.<\/p><p>SS-31&#8217;s full therapeutic value lies in these combined, yet fundamental, anti-inflammatory actions.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-18397328384\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-18397328384\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3244a46a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3244a46a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-68a53e4b e-con-full e-flex 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>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMS\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-18397328385\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-18397328385\" data-tab-index=\"5\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d4cc097 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5d4cc097\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-69ab7449 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"69ab7449\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f7d9f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f7d9f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_we_effect_on&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/13\/4\/850\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>(1)Ballaro, R.; Lopalco, P.; Audrito, V.; Beltra, M.; Pin, F.; Angelini, R.; Costelli, P.; Corcelli, A.; Bonetto, A.; Szeto, H. H.; et al. Targeting Mitochondria by SS-31 Ameliorates the Whole Body Energy Status in Cancer- and Chemotherapy-Induced Cachexia. <em>Cancers (Basel) <\/em>2021, <em>13<\/em>(4). DOI: 10.3390\/cancers13040850 \u00a0From NLM PubMed-not-MEDLINE.<\/strong><\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13105-018-0617-1\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>(2)Cai, J.; Jiang, Y.; Zhang, M.; Zhao, H.; Li, H.; Li, K.; Zhang, X.; Qiao, T. Protective effects of mitochondrion-targeted peptide SS-31 against hind limb ischemia-reperfusion injury. <em>J Physiol Biochem <\/em>2018, <em>74<\/em>(2), 335-343. DOI: 10.1007\/s13105-018-0617-1 \u00a0From NLM Medline.<\/strong><\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jacc.org\/doi\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.12.044\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>(3)Dai, D. F.; Chen, T.; Szeto, H.; Nieves-Cintron, M.; Kutyavin, V.; Santana, L. F.; Rabinovitch, P. S. Mitochondrial targeted antioxidant Peptide ameliorates hypertensive cardiomyopathy. <em>J Am Coll Cardiol <\/em>2011, <em>58<\/em>(1), 73-82. DOI: 10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.12.044 \u00a0From NLM Medline.<\/strong><\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S1043661821001811\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>(4)Ding, X. W.; Robinson, M.; Li, R.; Aldhowayan, H.; Geetha, T.; Babu, J. R. Mitochondrial dysfunction and beneficial effects of mitochondria-targeted small peptide SS-31 in Diabetes Mellitus and Alzheimer&#8217;s disease. <em>Pharmacol Res <\/em>2021, <em>171<\/em>, 105783. DOI: 10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105783 \u00a0From NLM Medline.<\/strong><\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.kidney-international.org\/article\/S0085-2538(16)30596-5\/fulltext\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>(5)Sweetwyne, M. T.; Pippin, J. W.; Eng, D. G.; Hudkins, K. L.; Chiao, Y. A.; Campbell, M. D.; Marcinek, D. J.; Alpers, C. E.; Szeto, H. H.; Rabinovitch, P. S.; Shankland, S. J. The mitochondrial-targeted peptide, SS-31, improves glomerular architecture in mice of advanced age. <em>Kidney Int <\/em>2017, <em>91<\/em>(5), 1126-1145. DOI: 10.1016\/j.kint.2016.10.036 \u00a0From NLM Medline.<\/strong><\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/2325967120S00395\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>(6)Szeto, H.; Zhang, Y.; Nakagawa, Y.; Carballo, C.; Green, S.; Deng, X.; Rodeo, S.; Zhang, X. Evaluation of SS-31 as a Potential Therapeutic Target in the Treatment of Tendinopathy. <em>Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine <\/em>2020, <em>8<\/em>(7_suppl6). DOI: 10.1177\/2325967120s00395.<\/strong><\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/jneuroinflammation.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12974-023-02690-4\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>(7)Zhang, H.; Chen, Y.; Li, F.; Wu, C.; Cai, W.; Ye, H.; Su, H.; He, M.; Yang, L.; Wang, X.; et al. Elamipretide alleviates pyroptosis in traumatically injured spinal cord by inhibiting cPLA2-induced lysosomal membrane permeabilization. <em>J Neuroinflammation <\/em>2023, <em>20<\/em>(1), 6. DOI: 10.1186\/s12974-023-02690-4 \u00a0From NLM Medline.<\/strong><\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/jneuroinflammation.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12974-019-1627-9\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>(8)Zhao, W.; Xu, Z.; Cao, J.; Fu, Q.; Wu, Y.; Zhang, X.; Long, Y.; Zhang, X.; Yang, Y.; Li, Y.; Mi, W. Elamipretide (SS-31) improves mitochondrial dysfunction, synaptic and memory impairment induced by lipopolysaccharide in mice. <em>J Neuroinflammation <\/em>2019, <em>16<\/em>(1), 230. 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