Route design
Chemical synthesis method (solid phase synthesis SPPS, liquid phase synthesis): for short peptides (plerumque ≤50 amino acida), need to select protection group strategy, copulatione reagentia, etc.
Biosynthesis (recombinant DNA technology): expression of long peptides or complex modified peptides by microorganisms or cells, requires optimization of host selection (e.g*. E. coli, fermentum) and culture conditions..
Process optimization
Synthesis/expression optimization: increase yield (e.g*. temperatus, pH*, catalyst concentration).
Purification process: chromatography (reversed-phase HPLC, ion exchange) is key, need to optimize elution conditions.
Impurity control: remove missing peptides, mismatched sequences, oxidatio products, etc. to ensure purity (plerumque >98%).