Route design
Chemical synthesis method (solid phase synthesis SPPS, liquid phase synthesis): for short peptides (usually ≤50 amino acids), need to select protection group strategy, coupling reagents, etc.
Biosynthesis (recombinant DNA technology): expression of long peptides or complex modified peptides by microorganisms or cells, requires optimization of host selection (e.g. E. coli, yeast) and culture conditions..
Process optimization
Synthesis/expression optimization: increase yield (e.g. ҳарорат, pH, catalyst concentration).
Purification process: chromatography (reversed-phase HPLC, ion exchange) is key, need to optimize elution conditions.
Impurity control: remove missing peptides, mismatched sequences, oxidation products, etc. to ensure purity (usually >98%).