Kev Tswj PFAS thiab Kev npaj rau Peptide Lab: A 2026 Step-by-Step Guide

What exactly is the EU PFAS restriction, and where does it actually stand right now?

ib qho txheej txheem plaub theem yooj yim qhia kev xa ntaub ntawv, RAC kev xav, SEAC kev xav thiab kev sab laj, ces Commission thiab Member
<k"e" v"max-width:640l;e:1.5e;s:12l;line-height:1.3;p:a"> <u"0 0 560 380" v"max-width: 100%; b: auto; t: s, u, a; p: #1s; --chart-muted: #64748y;" o"g" aria-labelledby="proposed-pfas-concentration-limits-title proposed-pfas-concentration-limits-desc"> <style> /* The renderer puts the chart in an iframe whose element background is black, and the iframe is a different shape to the chart, so the letterbox bands showed as black frames around it (prod 09-22). The document inside the iframe is transparent by default; painting it here covers the element background, and when the chart is inlined instead this matches nothing. Keep angle brackets out of this block: a style element inside an SVG is parsed as foreign content, so one stray bracket discards every rule in it. */ html, body { background: #ffffff; e: 0; } @media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) { * { animation: none !important; transition: none !important; } } </style> <rect x="0" y="0" width="560" height="380" rx="8" fill="#ffffff" /> <title id="proposed-pfas-concentration-limits-title">Proposed PFAS concentration limits</title> <desc id="proposed-pfas-concentration-limits-desc">Proposed PFAS concentration limits: values for Individual PFAS, Sum of PFAS, Total incl. polymers. Proposed PFAS concentration limits. horizontal bar data: Individual PFAS 25; Sum of PFAS 250; Total incl. polymers 50000.Source:  Keller & Heckman, Annex XV kev txwv 2023-02.</desc> <text x="280.0" y="29" text-anchor="nruab nrab" font-size="18" font-weight="800" fill="currentColor">Proposed PFAS concentration limits</text> <line x1="145" y1="298.0" x2="510" y2="298.0" stroke="currentColor" opacity="0.08" /> <line x1="145" y1="243.0" x2="510" y2="243.0" stroke="currentColor" opacity="0.08" /> <line x1="145" y1="188.0" x2="510" y2="188.0" stroke="currentColor" opacity="0.08" /> <line x1="145" y1="133.0" x2="510" y2="133.0" stroke="currentColor" opacity="0.08" /> <line x1="145" y1="78.0" x2="510" y2="78.0" stroke="currentColor" opacity="0.08" /> <text x="136.0" y="122.2" text-anchor="xaus" font-size="11" fill="currentColor" opacity="0.8"><tspan x="136.0" dy="0">Individual PFAS</tspan></text> <rect x="145" y="78.0" width="0.2" height="68.0" rx="4" fill="#f97316" /> <text x="153.2" y="122.2" font-size="11" fill="currentColor">25</text> <text x="136.0" y="198.2" text-anchor="xaus" font-size="11" fill="currentColor" opacity="0.8"><tspan x="136.0" dy="0">Sum of PFAS</tspan></text> <rect x="145" y="154.0" width="1.8" height="68.0" rx="4" fill="#38bdf8" /> <text x="154.8" y="198.2" font-size="11" fill="currentColor">250</text> <text x="136.0" y="274.2" text-anchor="xaus" font-size="11" fill="currentColor" opacity="0.8"><tspan x="136.0" dy="0">Tag nrho suav nrog.</tspan><tspan x="136.0" dy="12">polymers</tspan></text> <rect x="145" y="230.0" width="365.0" height="68.0" rx="4" fill="#a78bfa" /> <text x="518.0" y="274.2" font-size="11" fill="currentColor">50000</text> <text x="280.0" y="366" text-anchor="nruab nrab" font-size="10" fill="var(--chart-muted, currentColor)">Source:  Keller & Heckman, Annex XV kev txwv kev thov (2023-02)</text> </svg> </figure>

EU PFAS kev txwv 2027 timeline yog ib qho kev thov raws REACH, tsis yog ib txoj cai uas tab tom siv, thiab txheej txheem tseem tshuav tsawg kawg ib theem ntawm pawg tswj hwm tag nrho. Ib qho kev txwv REACH yog kev hloov kho rau Annex XVII ntawm txoj cai uas txwv lossis txwv tsis pub tsim khoom, kev siv thiab kev tso ib yam tshuaj rau kev lag luam; kev tso cai tshwj xeeb yog ib qho kev zam npe ntawm qhov kev txwv ntawd, feem ntau muaj sijhawm txwv thiab muaj kev txwv; thiab ib qho kev pom zoo ntawm RAC lossis SEAC yog cov lus qhia raug cai uas pawg ntawm European Chemicals Agency muab ua ntej Pawg Thawj Coj thiab cov Xeev Mem Nyuam txiav txim. Qhov kev thov, npaj los ntawm cov tub ceev xwm ntawm Denmark, Germany, Netherlands, Norway thiab Sweden, npog qee yam 10,000 compounds, both non-polymers and polymers, and builds on the OECD definition (the European Parliament’s own briefing on the restriction, 2026).

The committee stage has now produced two opinions. RAC adopted its opinion in early March 2026 and SEAC agreed its draft opinion in March 2026; both committees support the restriction as the most appropriate regulatory measure (the European Parliament’s own briefing on the restriction, 2026). The stakeholder consultation on SEAC’s draft ran from 26 March to 25 May 2026 and drew over 3,500 contributions, with SEAC planning to adopt its final opinion by the end of 2026.

Kev Tswj PFAS thiab Kev npaj rau Peptide Lab: A 2026 Step-by-Step Guide

What happens after that is where the sources diverge in precision. Counsel reading the process in March 2026 put Commission adoption no earlier than the third quarter of 2027, with restrictions not applying before 2029 (the timeline as counsel read it in March 2026). That is a law firm’s assessment of the process, not a Commission statement. The Commission’s own record shows a steady sequence of earlier PFAS restrictions, from the PFOS ban in 2006 through the second-round PFCA restriction in 2026, and confirms that national authorities asked ECHA to restrict all PFAS in March 2023 (the Commission’s own record of earlier PFAS restrictions, accessed 2026). Firefighting foams sit under a separate restriction, not this one.

Why the thresholds matter more than the ban

The operative risk for a lab is not the word “ban.” It is the concentration limit and the total-fluorine trigger underneath it. The proposal sets 25 ppb for any individual PFAS by targeted analysis, 250 ppb for the sum of PFAS, thiab 50 ppm for PFAS including polymeric PFAS (the proposal’s concentration limits, 2023). Ntxiv rau, if total fluorine exceeds 50 mg F/kg, the manufacturer, importer or downstream user must on request provide enforcement authorities proof that the fluorine is PFAS or non-PFAS.

Those numbers are proposed, not in force, and RAC itself flagged that the 25 ppb limit may not currently be achievable for certain PFAS with available analytical methods, while recommending sample degradation be required for the 250 ppb sum limit (RAC’s own reservations about the analytical limits, 2026). The derogation structure is time-limited, use-specific and conditional rather than a single number: the briefing describes a general 18-month transition with mostly time-limited derogations of 5 los yog 12 years, while the proposal summary states the time-limited derogations as 6.5 thiab 13.5 years from entry into force. Treat the duration as unsettled and plan around the structure.

Why are environmental groups acting before the law is final, and what does that change for a laboratory?

Because the exposure reaches companies through legal and commercial channels on their own timetable, not through the regulation’s. In October 2026, ClientEarth, Générations Futures and Notre Affaire à Tous put Groupe SEB, the owner of Tefal, on notice under the French duty-of-vigilance law, demanding a public commitment to transition away from PFAS within three months or face a lawsuit in the Paris Judicial Court (the legal notice served on Groupe SEB, 2026). It is a notice, not a lawsuit; a suit may follow.

<k"e" v"max-width:640l;e:1.5e;s:12l;line-height:1.3;p:a"> <u"0 0 560 380" v"max-width: 100%; b: auto; t: s, u, a; p: #1s; --chart-muted: #64748y;" o"g" aria-labelledby="pfas-restriction-milestones-title pfas-restriction-milestones-desc"> <style> /* The renderer puts the chart in an iframe whose element background is black, and the iframe is a different shape to the chart, so the letterbox bands showed as black frames around it (prod 09-22). The document inside the iframe is transparent by default; painting it here covers the element background, and when the chart is inlined instead this matches nothing. Keep angle brackets out of this block: a style element inside an SVG is parsed as foreign content, so one stray bracket discards every rule in it. */ html, body { background: #ffffff; e: 0; } @media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) { * { animation: none !important; transition: none !important; } } </style> <rect x="0" y="0" width="560" height="380" rx="8" fill="#ffffff" /> <title id="pfas-restriction-milestones-title">PFAS restriction milestones</title> <desc id="pfas-restriction-milestones-desc">PFAS restriction milestones: values for RAC opinion, SEAC draft opinion, SEAC final opinion. PFAS restriction milestones. lollipop data: RAC kev xav 2026.17; SEAC draft opinion 2026.23; SEAC final opinion 2026.99.Source: White & Case, RAC opinion alert 2026.</desc> <text x="280.0" y="29" text-anchor="nruab nrab" font-size="18" font-weight="800" fill="currentColor">PFAS restriction milestones</text> <line x1="145" y1="298.0" x2="510" y2="298.0" stroke="currentColor" opacity="0.08" /> <line x1="145" y1="243.0" x2="510" y2="243.0" stroke="currentColor" opacity="0.08" /> <line x1="145" y1="188.0" x2="510" y2="188.0" stroke="currentColor" opacity="0.08" /> <line x1="145" y1="133.0" x2="510" y2="133.0" stroke="currentColor" opacity="0.08" /> <line x1="145" y1="78.0" x2="510" y2="78.0" stroke="currentColor" opacity="0.08" /> <text x="136.0" y="118.7" text-anchor="xaus" font-size="11" fill="currentColor" opacity="0.8"><tspan x="136.0" dy="0">RAC kev xav</tspan></text> <line x1="145" y1="114.7" x2="509.9" y2="114.7" stroke="currentColor" opacity="0.15" stroke-width="1" /> <circle cx="509.9" cy="114.7" r="6" fill="#f97316" /> <text x="521.9" y="118.7" font-size="11" fill="currentColor">2026.17</text> <text x="136.0" y="192.0" text-anchor="xaus" font-size="11" fill="currentColor" opacity="0.8"><tspan x="136.0" dy="0">SEAC draft</tspan><tspan x="136.0" dy="12">opinion</tspan></text> <line x1="145" y1="188.0" x2="509.9" y2="188.0" stroke="currentColor" opacity="0.15" stroke-width="1" /> <circle cx="509.9" cy="188.0" r="6" fill="#38bdf8" /> <text x="521.9" y="192.0" font-size="11" fill="currentColor">2026.23</text> <text x="136.0" y="265.3" text-anchor="xaus" font-size="11" fill="currentColor" opacity="0.8"><tspan x="136.0" dy="0">SEAC final</tspan><tspan x="136.0" dy="12">opinion</tspan></text> <line x1="145" y1="261.3" x2="510.0" y2="261.3" stroke="currentColor" opacity="0.15" stroke-width="1" /> <circle cx="510.0" cy="261.3" r="6" fill="#a78bfa" /> <text x="522.0" y="265.3" font-size="11" fill="currentColor">2026.99</text> <text x="280.0" y="366" text-anchor="nruab nrab" font-size="10" fill="var(--chart-muted, currentColor)">Source: White & Case, RAC opinion alert (2026)</text> </svg> </figure>

Synthetic Peptides Manufacturer Cov NGOs hais tias SEB txoj kev ceev faj qhia PTFE tias muaj kev nyab xeeb, uas lawv hais tias tsis pom qhov kev pheej hmoo uas nws muaj; ClientEarth tau hais tias qhov kev thov yog npaj kev hloov pauv, tsis yog hloov pauv tam sim ntawd (the legal notice served on Groupe SEB, 2026). Rau ib lub chaw kuaj mob, qhov qauv tseem ceeb yog leej twg raug hu npe. PFAS cov neeg raug ntes tau nthuav dav los ntawm cov tuam txhab tsim khoom tseem ceeb mus rau cov tuam txhab uas kho cov khoom nrog PFAS thiab mus rau cov tuam txhab hauv kev muab khoom uas sib dhos cov khoom los ntawm cov khoom kho PFAS yam tsis siv cov tshuaj ntawd tus kheej (yuav ua li cas PFAS kev sib cav mus txog cov neeg siv tom qab, tau txais rov qab 2026).

Where does fluorinated chemistry actually enter peptide synthesis, purification and QC?

ib lub tsheb ciav hlau peptide synthesis thiab purification train uas muaj fluorinated cim npe, los ntawm cov sealing ntawm lub thawv tshuaj tiv thaiv

PFAS restriction peptide synthesis questions become answerable once you stop thinking in product categories and start naming components. Fluoropolymers used in pharma manufacturing include PFA, PTFE, FEP, TFM, ETFE, PCTFE and PVDF, appearing in mechanical seals, valve seats, gaskets, O-rings, lined pipework and hoses, scrubber linings and flexible flow-reactor tubing; QC analysis depends on fluoropolymers in HPLC, GC and NMR instrumentation (EFPIA’s inventory of fluoropolymer uses, EFPIA submission). That inventory is a trade-association submission, not a neutral technical source, but the component list is specific enough to walk a plant with.

The single-use side is broader still. Fluoropolymer-containing bioprocessing components include liquid and gas filtration membranes and devices, gaskets and seals, fittings, bags, tubing clamps, pump parts, valves, mixer parts, tubing, laboratory QC consumables, and bags for cell culture and cryostorage, with PTFE, PVDF, FKM and PFA the common types (BPSA’s list of single-use components, 2023). PVDF membranes are widely used for sterilising-grade filtration and may fall within PFAS definitions (a supplier’s own account of PVDF membranes, vendor white paper). On the reagent side, TFA is widely employed as an ion-pairing reagent in reversed-phase liquid chromatography for both purification and analytical characterisation of peptides, and residual TFA- can shield peptide polarity, increasing retention time and lipophilicity (TFA’s dual role in peptide purification and analysis, 2025).

What is the difference between product exposure and process exposure, and why does it decide which records matter?

Separate potential product contact or carryover from equipment and environmental uses when building an inventory. A process aid cannot be assumed never to enter the product without an appropriate assessment. These are practical inventory categories, not substitutes for the legal definitions or scope of a restriction.

The measured evidence on carryover is thinner than the concern. One aqueous leaching study of fluoropolymer tubing detected TFA, PFPrA and PFBA, with TFA highest in FEP at 121 ± 96 ng/g and in PFA1 at 34.6 ± 11.6 ng/g, PFBA in PTFE1 at 175 ± 298 ng/g, and PFOA at 22 to 24 ng/g in PTFE1, PTFE2 and PFA1; non-fluorinated polymers including PVC, PP and PEEK were not PFCA-free (the tubing-leaching measurements, York University study). Those are one study’s measurements with wide error bars, not an industry benchmark, and no source in this set gives a measured PFAS concentration in a peptide-specific consumable such as a resin, vessel or filter used in solid-phase synthesis.

The record consequence of getting the split wrong

Green Peptide Synthesis A certificate of analysis cannot evidence a wetted part. A CoA describes the material you bought or the peptide you released; it says nothing about what a seal in the flow path released into a solvent stream over a campaign. If you classify a fluorinated component as process exposure and file it under equipment maintenance, you will have no analytical record when a customer asks whether that component can shed into the product. If you classify it as product exposure, you inherit a testing obligation you may not be able to meet with current methods.

That asymmetry is why the analytical method you choose determines what you can claim. Total fluorine includes both inorganic and organic fluorine; extractable organofluorine yog organic fluorine uas tau rov qab los ntawm kev rho tawm thiab ntsuas los ntawm combustion ion chromatography; thiab targeted LC-MS/MS yog Peptide Information yog tus qauv kub rau PFAS uas paub tab sis tsuas muaj ib feem me me, nrog US EPA method 1633A tsom rau xwb 40 PFAS thiab kev khaws cia tsawg rau ultrashort-chain PFAS (cov kev txwv ntawm txhua txoj kev tshuaj ntsuam, 2026).

How can a lab tell intentional PFAS use from contamination or trace carryover?

ib daim duab ceg luv pib ntawm qhov tshwm sim fluorine zoo thiab faib mus rau kev siv txhob txwm, contamination thiab

Koj tsis tuaj yeem cais lawv ntawm ib qhov txiaj ntsig fluorine zoo, thiab cov txheej txheem uas tsim tau qhov ntawd tsis tsim los ua qhov txawv. EPA Method 1621 kwv yees organic fluorine uas adsorbable los ntawm combustion ion chromatography, ntsuas organofluorine ntawm PFAS thiab cov tshuaj fluorinated uas tsis yog PFAS khaws cia tsawg kawg 80 mg of granular activated carbon, and reports results as fluoride concentration; it is a method-defined parameter, with poor retention of short-chain compounds under four carbons and low recoveries for long-chain hydrophobic compounds over eight carbons (EPA Method 1621, 2024). The method document states plainly that it is not approved for Clean Water Act compliance monitoring until promulgated through rulemaking, and a January 2025 proposed rule would add it and its AOF parameter to 40 CFR part 136 (the 2025 proposed rule adding Method 1621 to 40 CFR part 136, 2025).

The practical consequence is that a positive total-fluorine or AOF result tells you fluorine is present, not where it came from. Combustion ion chromatography for extractable organofluorine has a limit of detection set at the lowest calibration sample, 50 ng/mL F injected, with an average background signal of 65 ng/mL F at 17% RSD, and combustion efficiencies of 13 PFAS ranging from 66% to 110% rather than 100%; the method also cannot differentiate Hobt Peptide Synthesis inorganic from organic fluorine, so extraction must remove inorganic fluoride first (combustion ion chromatography for extractable organofluorine, 2021). The gap between measured EOF and the fluorine accounted for by measured PFAS is termed unidentified organofluorine, and it is the space where contamination, carryover and unlisted fluorinated species all sit. Custom Peptides Manufacturer

What must a supplier declaration, SDS, CoA and analytical method record actually contain to be defensible?

PFAS supplier declarations laboratory teams can actually defend are built from four record types that answer four different questions, and each has a failure mode when it is treated as a substitute for the others. A supplier declaration should state whether PFAS are intentionally added, name the CAS numbers and the function of each, identify the affected sites and articles, and reference the supporting SDS and test reports. An SDS Section 3 composition entry is the supplier’s own regulatory statement and is only as good as the supplier’s knowledge of its own supply chain. A CoA evidences the batch you received against the specification you agreed. An analytical method record documents what was measured, by which method, with what detection limit and what recovery.

The defensibility problem is that these records are governed by data-integrity expectations that predate PFAS entirely. The WHO data integrity guideline defines ALCOA+ as attributable, nyeem tau yooj yim, tam sim no, qub thiab raug, with additional emphasis on being complete, sib haum xeeb, enduring and available throughout the data life cycle for the defined retention period, and it directs that where a system cannot support ALCOA+ by design, such as legacy systems with no audit trail, mitigation measures be taken for defined temporary periods (the WHO data integrity guideline, WHO TRS 1033 Annex 4). For electronic records, 21 CFR 11.10(e) yuav tsum muaj kev ruaj ntseg, tsim los ntawm computer, cov kev tshuaj xyuas uas muaj sijhawm ruaj ntseg thiab sau tseg hnub tim thiab sijhawm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thiab kev ua haujlwm tsim, hloov lossis tshem tawm cov ntaub ntawv hluav taws xob, with changes not obscuring previously recorded information and audit trail documentation retained at least as long as the subject records (21 CFR 11.10(e), current eCFR). Neither source connects to PFAS monitoring directly; they apply because the records you are building are GxP records.

Pab pawg ua li cas thaum ib qho khoom fluorinated tsis muaj lwm txoj kev xaiv?

You document continued use and qualify an alternative in parallel, because the regulation’s own structure assumes both will happen at once. Kev lag luam tshuaj muaj txoj kev xav tias cov khoom PFAS tseem ceeb rau kev tsim khoom, cov khoom tshuaj, APIs, cov cuab yeej xa khoom thiab ntim, cov tshuaj thiab cov khoom siv tsis tuaj yeem hloov tau ib leeg rau ib yam tsis muaj R&D, kev pom zoo raws cai thiab kev tswj hwm, thiab lawv tau thov kev zam tsis muaj sijhawm txwv (kev teb ntawm kev lag luam tshuaj rau cov tswv yim, 2026). Qhov ntawd yog kev xav ntawm kev lag luam, tsis yog kev pom ntawm tus tswj hwm, thiab yuav tsum nyeem ua ib qho.

Teeb meem hloov chaw kuj muaj tiag ntawm qib tshuaj thiab. ACS Green Chemistry Institute Pharmaceutical Roundtable's 2026 kev hu rau kev hloov TFA nrhiav kev hloov uas zoo li TFA hauv kev txiav cov pab pawg tiv thaiv uas muaj kev cuam tshuam nrog kua qaub thiab kev ntxuav UPLC thaum tseem khaws tau nws lub zog daws teeb meem, thiab hais txog kev thauj khoom tsawg heev rau kev txiav tawm, implying current usage sits at higher, non-catalytic levels (the ACS GCIPR call for TFA replacements, 2026). TFA is under regulatory scrutiny, not banned.

Cov Lus Nug Nquag Nug

Puas yog EU PFAS txwv rau ib qho peptide API nws tus kheej?

The proposed exclusion for PFAS used as active substances in human or veterinary medicinal products is specific to the broader restriction proposal. It does not exempt all pharmaceutical materials or override existing controls. Excipients, cov cuab yeej, packaging and process aids need their own assessment. In Vitro Peptide Synthesis

Ib qho khoom siv fluorinated puas yog ib qho khoom lossis ib qho sib xyaw?

A supplied building block may be a substance or a mixture, depending on composition; a defined chemical substance is not a mixture merely because it is supplied in a bottle. The REACH article definition depends on the object’s function and its shape, surface or design. Obtain the supplier’s classification rationale for the actual material.

Lub lab muaj sijhawm ntev npaum li cas ua ntej thov cov ntaub ntawv?

Longer than the headlines suggest, but not long enough to postpone the inventory. Commission adoption is expected no earlier than the third quarter of 2027, and restrictions would not apply before 2029 (European Parliamentary Research Service briefing, 2026). The practical deadline is earlier than the legal one: customers, auditors and tender questionnaires tend to ask for material declarations years before a restriction bites, and an inventory assembled under that pressure is the one that ends up incomplete.

Puav leej hloov mus rau ib qho membrane tsis muaj fluorinated puas yuav tsum tau tshuaj xyuas dua txoj kev?

A membrane substitution needs a documented change assessment. Evaluate product contact, extractables and leachables, recovery, adsorption and process performance. The evidence may justify targeted studies or broader revalidation; neither a full rerun nor a larger burden is automatic.

Xaus lus

The decision rule for this quarter is simple: Y, o, g, you cannot answer the questionnaire that has already arrived. t, i, a: s, CAS number, k, o.

j. Components that touch the product or ship inside an article need an analytical record and a method that states its own detection limit and recovery. t, because the derogation structure assumes both exist at once. The regulation is not final, and the thresholds may move, but the inventory and the record fields will not change shape when they do.

Hais txog tus luam tawm. MOL Changes is a peptide research and development organisation that offers custom peptide synthesis, modification services and peptide testing such as MS, HPLC, pH, purity, content and endotoxin. It therefore has a commercial interest in peptide manufacturing, and readers should weigh its perspective on this topic accordingly. The guidance above does not depend on its products or services.


Publisher: k. o 15 Lub Kaum Hli 2026. o. Nws tsis tshaj tawm kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm tus neeg muab khoom ywj pheej lossis kev tshawb fawb thawj zaug ntawm MOL Changes.

Kev tshaj tawm lag luam: MOL Changes muab kev pabcuam peptide thiab muaj kev txaus siab lag luam hauv qhov teeb meem no. Kev muaj peev xwm tshwj xeeb ntawm qhov project thiab kev tshuaj xyuas yuav tsum tau lees paub raws li kev siv thiab ib qho kev piav qhia sau tseg.

Zejun Peng

Zejun Peng

Chief Technology Officer; Peptide Synthesis Expert Kev txawj ntse tseem ceeb: Complex peptide synthesis, kev hloov amino acid uas tsis yog ntuj, and the construction of cyclic peptides and stapled peptides.

Biography:Zejun Peng has extensive experience in organic chemistry and peptide synthesis. He is proficient in the combined application of solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) and liquid-phase peptide synthesis (LPPS), and is particularly skilled at overcoming “extremely difficult-to-synthesize sequences” (such as ultra-long-chain peptides, highly hydrophobic sequences, and multiple disulfide bond folding). Under his leadership, the team has successfully overcome technical bottlenecks in several specialized modifications (such as N-methylation, PEGylation, and fluorescent labeling), maintaining a synthesis success rate of over 98%.

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