Route design
Chemical synthesis method (solid phase synthesis SPPS, liquid phase synthesis): for short peptides (usually ≤50 axit amin), need to select protection group strategy, coupling reagents, vân vân.
Biosynthesis (recombinant DNA technology): expression of long peptides or complex modified peptides by microorganisms or cells, requires optimization of host selection (ví dụ. E. coli, yeast) and culture conditions..
Process optimization
Synthesis/expression optimization: increase yield (ví dụ. nhiệt độ, pH, catalyst concentration).
Purification process: chromatography (reversed-phase HPLC, ion exchange) is key, need to optimize elution conditions.
Impurity control: remove missing peptides, mismatched sequences, oxidation products, vân vân. to ensure purity (usually >98%).